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a. The development of the first Ground Proximity Warning Systems (GWPS) has
contributed to a marked decline in CFIT accidents in air carrier operations.
The use of GWPS and the newer generation Terrain Awareness and Warning Systems
(TWAS) in GA aircraft has the potential to provide a similar savings in lives
and loss of GA aircraft. As noted in various CFIT documents, the proper use of
terrain awareness and warning systems is important to their effectiveness.
Pilots are expected to execute the proper emergency escape maneuvers when their
ground warning system activates.
b. Title 14 CFR sections 91.223, 121.354, and 135.154 mandate the installation
of terrain awareness warning systems in turbine-powered aircraft as outlined
in the appropriate section. The type of operation also includes specific passenger
seat requirements/limitations for the operations involved as well as the required
type of equipment.
c. As digital-mapping systems combined with satellite positioning data become
less expensive, GA pilots may soon be able to graphically see their horizontal
and vertical location at all times. Expanded situational awareness should help
pilots avoid some types of CFIT accidents. Then the challenge will be to eliminate
descent type CFIT accidents during the landing phase of flight.
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